Us Constitution Free Essays

From 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation failed to provide the United States with an effective government. It acted as though a loose confederation, or â€Å"firm league of friendship. † The Articles of Confederation created a weak central government that linked the thirteen states in common problems such as foreign affairs, and a judicial arm. We will write a custom essay sample on Us Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although, there was no executive branch, which meant no leader to enforce laws. Also, the Congress was weak (it was designed that way), and therefore the government could merely advocate and appeal.The United States faced two main problems: the lack of the central government’s power, and its inability to collect and/or create revenue. Each state was in fact not very coherent with the central government. Nor were the states coherent with each other. The states possessed more control than the central government, as the Articles of Confederation forbade the government to command, coerce, or control. It could not act directly upon the individual citizens of sovereign states. Also, the government could only recommend laws, taxes, and other pieces of legislation to a state.Most often, when the government advocated for a law to be passed in a certain state, the state would reject the recommendation, like Rhode Island had done in 1782 (Doc. A). Moreover, the central government had no power to regulate commerce. This is due to how reluctant the states were to hand over control of taxation and commerce, after they had just won it from Great Britain. Without a central power to control these two aspects of the economy, the states were free to establish different, and often conflicting laws regarding tariffs and navigation. This led states to become only farther apart from each other, rather than more unified.Additionally, despite the weak, unsuccessful government, to make any change to the Articles of Confederation required unanimous ratification. Unanimity was near impossible, meaning that the Articles could never be amended. With a government this weak, people would lose confidence in it, and won’t realize the benefit of the liberty they won from the British (Doc. G). Next, the Articles of Confederation failed to allow the central government to collect revenue. In addition to the central government already being weak, it could not effectively collect taxes. Congress, dealing with a large war debt, could not even pay its own soldiers their promised money (Doc. C). Congress needed some form of revenue to get out of debt, so it established a tax quota for each of the states. It then asked each of them to contribute to their share on a voluntary basis. The government, lacking a president (executive branch), had no way to enforce this tax. Congress was lucky if they received one-fourth of their desired tax amount. Furthermore, Congress could not tax trade or any commerce; as for they did not set the regulations for it. Despite not fully â€Å"paying federal taxes†, states still scrambled to get money, and some ended up having to foreclose farms of debtors. Events like this in Massachusetts (along with the high taxes issued by the state), caused Shays’s Rebellion. This was occurred when a group of debtors demanded that the state issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers. Even though the rebellion was crushed, it was a sign that in order for the United States to survive, a new constitution with a stronger federal government must be created.With a government so weak and ineffective, it is clear that the United States could not survive without a new constitution. This is evident through the lack of the central government’s power, and its inability to generate revenue. As time went by, more and more people began to realize this, which soon began the pursuit of the U. S. Constitution. Therefore, it is obvious that from 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation did not provide the United States with an effective government. (American Pageant was textbook used) How to cite Us Constitution, Papers

My Love for Animals free essay sample

As I neared the gate, bag in hand, she, Sunny Rose bounded towards me wagging her tail wildly. She turned her great big blob of her head towards me and began jumping and playing around me as she welcomed me home. I sat down and said, Hi there big fella, had a good day. † She immediately lifted her paw and slapped it down hard on my out stretched hand. Her hand shake was warm and inviting. She opened her mouth and an alarming quantity of slippery pink tongue rolled out and licked me Ive always loved animals ever since I was a little girl. I remember caring for baby birds that fell out of a nest in my backyard. I also once cared for a cat that was injured by an irresponsible driver. I wept bitterly when my pet gold fish died and we had to give it a watery grave down the toilet. We will write a custom essay sample on My Love for Animals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I think it is very easy to love dogs. They are wonderful companions; loyal and trustworthy. They will play safely with kids or keep a house bound person company all day long and they make wonderful guide dogs. It is true that training a dog takes considerable time and effort but its time well spent because they pay you back generously with affection, intelligence and good humour. Being a dog owner builds character and provides a lot of pleasure. Pets are a name for animals that live with you and share your life. They are interesting because you can play with them and take to them as if they are humans. It is a known fact that pets help you to lead longer and happier lives because of the companionship, exercise and responsibility they provide. They offer companionship to keep stress and depression away. Many Psychiatrists have found that patients with anger management problems can be calmer with a pet around the house. It Calms the nerves and eliminates aggravation. Can you hear the cries of those who do not communicate in the human language? How about the fearful mewing of a motherless kitten? Does your heart skip a beat when you hear the whimpering of a lost puppy? Are you filled with sadness when you see an animal that has been hit by a car? Do you take in strays and feed them because they are all skin and bone? If so you love animals just like me.

Safeguarding of Assets Essay Example

Safeguarding of Assets Paper Internal auditors should review the means of safeguarding assets and, as appropriate, verify the existence of such assets Safeguarding of assets is those policies and procedures that provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the companys assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. This definition is consistent with the definition provided in the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO), Reporting to External Parties, which provides the following definition of internal control over safeguarding of assets: Internal control over safeguarding of assets against unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition is a process, effected by an entitys board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the entitys assets that could have a material effect on th e financial statements. Such internal control can be judged effective if the board of directors and management have reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the entitys assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements is being prevented or detected on a timely basis. For example, a company has safeguarding controls over inventory tags (preventive controls) and also performs periodic physical inventory counts (detective control) timely in relation to its quarterly and annual financial reporting dates. Although the physical inventory count does not safeguard the inventory from theft or loss, it prevents a material misstatement to the financial statements if performed effectively and timely. Therefore, given that the definitions of material weakness and significant deficiency relate to the likelihood of misstatement of the financial statements, the failure of a preventive control such as inventory tags will not result in a significant deficiency or material weakness if the detective control (physical inventory) prevents a misstatement of the financial statements. We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding of Assets specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding of Assets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding of Assets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The COSO Addendum also indicates that to the extent that such losses might occur, controls over financial reporting are effective if they provide reasonable assurance that those losses are properly reflected in the financial statements, thereby alerting financial statement users to consider the need for action. 340 Economical and Efficient Use of Resources Internal auditors should appraise the economy and efficiency with which resources are employed Internal auditors should appraise the economy and efficiency with which resources are employed. Management is responsible for setting operating standards to measure an activitys economical and efficient use of resources. internal auditors are responsible for determining whether: 1- Operating standards have been established for measuring economy and efficiency. 2-Established operating standards are understood and are being met. 3-Deviations from operating standards are identified and analyzed to those responsible for corrective action. 4-Corrective action has been taken. Audits related to the economical and efficient use of resources should identify such conditions as: 1- Under-utilized facilities. 2- Nonproductive work. 3- Procedures which are not cost justified. 4- Overstaffing or understaffing. 350 Accomplishment of Established Objectives and Goals for Operations or Programs Internal auditors should review operations or programs to ascertain whether results are consistent with established objectives and goals and whether the operations or programs are being carried out as planned. Management is responsible for establishing operating or program objectives nd goals, developing and implementing control procedures, and accomplishing desired operating or program results. Internal auditors should ascertain whether such objectives and goals conform with those of the organization and whether they are being met. The term operations refers to the recurring activities of an organization directed toward producing a product or rendering a service. Such activit ies may include, but are not limited to, marketing, sales, production, purchasing, human resources, finance and accounting, and governmental assistance. An operations results may be measured against established objectives and goals which may include budgets, time or production schedules, and/or operating plans. The term programs refers to special purpose activities of an organization. Such activities include but are not limited to the raising of capital, sale of a facility, fund-raising campaigns, new product or service introduction campaigns, capital expenditures, and special purpose government grants. Special purpose activities may be short-term or long-term, spanning several years. When a program is completed, it generally ceases to exist. Program results may be measured against established program objectives and goals. Management is responsible for establishing criteria to determine if objectives and goals have been accomplished. Internal auditors should ascertain whether criteria have been established. If so, internal auditors should use such criteria for evaluation if they are considered adequate. If management has not established criteria, or if the established criteria, in the internal auditors opinion, are less than adequate, internal auditors should report such conditions to the appropriate levels of management. Additionally, internal auditors may recommend appropriate courses of action depending on the circumstances. The internal auditors evaluation of the accomplishment of established objectives and goals may be carried out with respect to an entire operation or program or only a portion of it. Audit objectives may include determining whether: The objectives and goals established by management for a proposed, new, or existing operation or program are adequate and have been effectively articulated and communicated. The operation or program achieves its desired level of interim or final results. The factors which inhibit satisfactory performance are identified, evaluated, and controlled in an appropriate manner. Management has considered alternatives for directing an operation or program which may yield more effective and efficient results. An operation or program complements, duplicates, overlaps, or conflicts with other operations or programs. Controls for measuring and reporting the accomplishment of objectives and goals are established and are adequate. An operation or program is in compliance with policies, plans, procedures, laws, and regulations. Internal auditors should communicate the audit results to the appropriate levels of management. The report should state the criteria established by management and employed by internal auditors and disclose the nonexistence or inadequacy of any needed criteria. If internal auditors formulated criteria by which to measure the accomplishment of objectives and goals, the report should clearly state that internal auditors formulated the criteria and then present the audit results. Internal auditors can provide assistance to managers who are developing objectives, goals, and systems by determining whether the underlying assumptions are appropriate; whether accurate, current, and relevant information is being used; and whether suitable controls have been incorporated into the operations or programs. Safeguarding of Assets Essay Example Safeguarding of Assets Paper Internal auditors should review the means of safeguarding assets and, as appropriate, verify the existence of such assets Safeguarding of assets is those policies and procedures that provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the companys assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. This definition is consistent with the definition provided in the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO), Reporting to External Parties, which provides the following definition of internal control over safeguarding of assets: Internal control over safeguarding of assets against unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition is a process, effected by an entitys board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the entitys assets that could have a material effect on th e financial statements. Such internal control can be judged effective if the board of directors and management have reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the entitys assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements is being prevented or detected on a timely basis. For example, a company has safeguarding controls over inventory tags (preventive controls) and also performs periodic physical inventory counts (detective control) timely in relation to its quarterly and annual financial reporting dates. Although the physical inventory count does not safeguard the inventory from theft or loss, it prevents a material misstatement to the financial statements if performed effectively and timely. Therefore, given that the definitions of material weakness and significant deficiency relate to the likelihood of misstatement of the financial statements, the failure of a preventive control such as inventory tags will not result in a significant deficiency or material weakness if the detective control (physical inventory) prevents a misstatement of the financial statements. We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding of Assets specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding of Assets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding of Assets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The COSO Addendum also indicates that to the extent that such losses might occur, controls over financial reporting are effective if they provide reasonable assurance that those losses are properly reflected in the financial statements, thereby alerting financial statement users to consider the need for action. 340 Economical and Efficient Use of Resources Internal auditors should appraise the economy and efficiency with which resources are employed Internal auditors should appraise the economy and efficiency with which resources are employed. Management is responsible for setting operating standards to measure an activitys economical and efficient use of resources. internal auditors are responsible for determining whether: 1- Operating standards have been established for measuring economy and efficiency. 2-Established operating standards are understood and are being met. 3-Deviations from operating standards are identified and analyzed to those responsible for corrective action. 4-Corrective action has been taken. Audits related to the economical and efficient use of resources should identify such conditions as: 1- Under-utilized facilities. 2- Nonproductive work. 3- Procedures which are not cost justified. 4- Overstaffing or understaffing. 350 Accomplishment of Established Objectives and Goals for Operations or Programs Internal auditors should review operations or programs to ascertain whether results are consistent with established objectives and goals and whether the operations or programs are being carried out as planned. Management is responsible for establishing operating or program objectives nd goals, developing and implementing control procedures, and accomplishing desired operating or program results. Internal auditors should ascertain whether such objectives and goals conform with those of the organization and whether they are being met. The term operations refers to the recurring activities of an organization directed toward producing a product or rendering a service. Such activit ies may include, but are not limited to, marketing, sales, production, purchasing, human resources, finance and accounting, and governmental assistance. An operations results may be measured against established objectives and goals which may include budgets, time or production schedules, and/or operating plans. The term programs refers to special purpose activities of an organization. Such activities include but are not limited to the raising of capital, sale of a facility, fund-raising campaigns, new product or service introduction campaigns, capital expenditures, and special purpose government grants. Special purpose activities may be short-term or long-term, spanning several years. When a program is completed, it generally ceases to exist. Program results may be measured against established program objectives and goals. Management is responsible for establishing criteria to determine if objectives and goals have been accomplished. Internal auditors should ascertain whether criteria have been established. If so, internal auditors should use such criteria for evaluation if they are considered adequate. If management has not established criteria, or if the established criteria, in the internal auditors opinion, are less than adequate, internal auditors should report such conditions to the appropriate levels of management. Additionally, internal auditors may recommend appropriate courses of action depending on the circumstances. The internal auditors evaluation of the accomplishment of established objectives and goals may be carried out with respect to an entire operation or program or only a portion of it. Audit objectives may include determining whether: The objectives and goals established by management for a proposed, new, or existing operation or program are adequate and have been effectively articulated and communicated. The operation or program achieves its desired level of interim or final results. The factors which inhibit satisfactory performance are identified, evaluated, and controlled in an appropriate manner. Management has considered alternatives for directing an operation or program which may yield more effective and efficient results. An operation or program complements, duplicates, overlaps, or conflicts with other operations or programs. Controls for measuring and reporting the accomplishment of objectives and goals are established and are adequate. An operation or program is in compliance with policies, plans, procedures, laws, and regulations. Internal auditors should communicate the audit results to the appropriate levels of management. The report should state the criteria established by management and employed by internal auditors and disclose the nonexistence or inadequacy of any needed criteria. If internal auditors formulated criteria by which to measure the accomplishment of objectives and goals, the report should clearly state that internal auditors formulated the criteria and then present the audit results. Internal auditors can provide assistance to managers who are developing objectives, goals, and systems by determining whether the underlying assumptions are appropriate; whether accurate, current, and relevant information is being used; and whether suitable controls have been incorporated into the operations or programs.

Porters Five Forces On Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Essays

Porters Five Forces On Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Essays Porters Five Forces On Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Paper Porters Five Forces On Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Paper The Indian air power industry is one of the fastest turning air power industries in the universe with private air hoses accounting for more than 75 per cent of the sector of the domestic air power. It is stated that the Indian air power sector will go one of the top five civil air power markets in the universe over the following five old ages. Presently, India ranks 9th in the planetary civil air power market. The Hyderabad International Airport has been ranked amongst the universe s top five in the one-year Airport Service Quality ( ASQ ) . With the growing in the industry, airdrome retailing has besides gained gait in the recent times. Development of new terminuss and airdromes such as the late inaugurated T3 in New Delhi has provided added drift to this section. The highest border earners in this section are nutrient and drinks, beauty merchandise, electronic points, dress etc. It has been predicted that airdromes would supply around 300,000-400,000 square pess retail infinite by 2015. Many companies are besides be aftering to leverage on this turning section by establishing specific merchandises for air travellers. In add-on, the accent on modernisation of non-metro airdromes, swift enlargement by air hoses, service enlargement by province owned bearers, development of the care, fix and inspection and repair ( MRO ) industry in India, opening up of new international paths by the Indian authorities, constitution of new airdromes and redevelopment and restructuring of the bing airdromes have added to the growing of the industry. Present Indian Scenario It is a stage of rapid growing in the industry due to immense build-up of capacity in the LCC infinite, with capacity turning at about 45 % yearly. This has induced a stage of intense monetary value competition with the incumbent full service bearers ( Jet, Indian, Air Sahara ) this- numbering up to 60-70 % for certain paths to fit the new entrants ticket monetary values. This, coupled with costs force per unit areas ( a key cost component, ATF monetary value, went up about 35 % in recent months, while staff costs are besides lifting on the dorsum of deficit of trained forces ) , is exercising bottom-line force per unit area. The growing in supply is overshadowed by the highly strong demand growing, led chiefly by the transition of train/bus riders to air travel, every bit good as by the fact that low menus have allowed riders to wing more often. There has, hence, been an addition in both the breadth and deepness of ingestion. However, the regulative environment, substructure and revenue enhancement policy have non kept gait with the industry s growing. Enactment of the unfastened sky policy between India and Saarc states, addition in bilateral entitlements with the EU and the US, and aggressive publicity of India as an attractive touristry topographic point helped India pull 3.2 million tourers in 2004-05. This market is turning at 15 % per annum and India is expected to pull 6 million tourers by 2010. Besides, increasing per capita income has led to an addition in disposable incomes, taking to greater pass on leisure and vacations and concern travel has risen aggressively with increasing MNC presence. Smaller metropoliss are besides good connected now. Passenger traffic has increased and over 21 million seats have been sold, ensuing in a growing of over 50 % . The Indian travel market is expected to treble to $ 51 billion by 2011 from $ 16.3 billion in 2005-06. Application of Porter s Five Forces scheme in the Aviation Industry Menace of New Entrants A moneymaking industry is ever a mark for investors looking at investing. One of the foremost factors in consideration while looking at the attraction of an industry is the menace of new entrants. In the air hoses industry, this was a major menace a few old ages ago. The air hoses runing in the industry were limited and the industry had few participants like Indian Airlines and Jet Airways. However, as the industry had range for suiting more participants many participants joined the disturbance. The air hoses industry nevertheless comes with its just portion of barriers. The investing in the air hoses is really immense and acts as a major barrier to entry. Bundled with it were different licenses for running an air hose company from the civil air power company and FDI bounds. Factors that can restrict the menace of new entrants are known as barriers to entry. Some illustrations include: Existing trueness to major trade names Incentives for utilizing a peculiar purchaser ( such as frequent shopper plans ) High fixed costs Scarcity of resources High costs of exchanging companies Government limitations or statute law Power of Suppliers This is how much force per unit area providers can put on a concern. If one provider has a big adequate impact to impact a company s borders and volumes, so it holds significant power. In the air hoses company there is certain sum of dickering power the providers have. First, providers in the signifier of aircraft builders, who really frequently exceed the clip bounds. Adding to it are providers of oil who hold the cardinal to running of the air hoses. Here are a few other grounds that providers might hold power. There are really few providers of a peculiar merchandise There are no replacements Switch overing to another ( competitory ) merchandise is really dearly-won The merchandise is highly of import to purchasers ca nt make without it The provision industry has a higher profitableness than the purchasing industry Power of Buyers This is how much force per unit area clients can put on a concern. If one client has a big adequate impact to impact a company s borders and volumes, so the client hold significant power. Predominantly, in the air hoses industry, it has been seen that the civil air power ministry has been in favor of the client and purchasers therefore have sensible power. While most air hoses companies are running with wafer thin borders, it is pretty hard for companies to increase monetary values as the capacity use will be earnestly affected. Here are a few grounds that clients might hold power: Small figure of purchasers Purchases big volumes Switch overing to another ( competitory ) air hose is simple The air hose is non highly of import to purchasers ; they can make without the same trade name for a period of clip Customers are monetary value sensitive Handiness of Substitutes What is the likeliness that person will exchange to a competitory merchandise or service? If the cost of exchanging is low, so this poses a serious menace. Most air hose companies have similar installations and are listed on web sites such as makemytrip.com, yatra.com where clients choose from the cheapest available tickets. This shows that the client has a batch of options and would Not mind switching to a new service. Here are a few factors that can impact the menace of replacements: The chief issue is the similarity of replacements. All low cost air hoses have similar installations. If replacements are similar, it can be viewed in the same visible radiation as a new entrant. Competitive Competition This describes the strength of competition between bing houses in an industry. Highly competitory industries by and large earn low returns because the cost of competition is high. The competition in the air hose industry is fierce and each participant is seeking to derive an upper-hand based on non monetary value factors. A extremely competitory market might ensue from: Many participants of about the same size ; there is no dominant house Small distinction between rivals merchandises and services A mature industry with really small growing ; companies can merely turn by stealing clients off from rivals SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE AVIATION INDUSTRY Strengths: Turning touristry: Due to growing in touristry, there has been an addition in figure of the international and domestic riders. The estimated growing of domestic rider section is at 50 % per annum and growing for international rider section is 25 % Rising income degrees: Due to the rise in income degrees, the disposable income is besides higher which are expected to heighten the figure of circulars. Growth possible Liberalization of sector. Modernization of non tube airdromes. Rising portion of low cost bearers. Fleet enlargement by province owned bearers. The gap up of new international paths by Indian authorities. Constitution of new airdromes and restructuring of old airdromes. Failings: Under penetrated Market: The entire rider traffic was merely 50 million as on 31st Dec 2005 amounting to merely 0.05 trips per annum as compared to developed states like United States have 2.02 trips per annum. Untapped Air Cargo Market: Air cargo market has non yet been to the full taped in the Indian markets and is expected that in the coming twelvemonth s big figure of participants will hold dedicated fleets. Infrastructural restraints: The substructure development has non kept gait with the growing in air power services sector taking to a constriction. Huge investing demand for physical substructure for airdromes. Deficit of qualified teachers due migration to agenda operation. Pressure on choice criterion of inducted pilots. Infrastructural restraints. Opportunities: Expecting investings: investing of about US $ 30 billion will be made. Expected Market Size: Average growing of air power sector is about 25 % -30 % and the expected market size is projected to turn up to 100 million by 2010. Economic Growth Vibrant in-between category: Increasing Consumerism and Affordability common adult male Under-penetrated markets Growth in Tourism Presently domestic rider market is turning at 50 % Menaces: Deficit of trained Pilots: There is a deficit of trained pilots, copilots and land staff which is badly confining growing chances. Deficit of Airports: There is a deficit of airdrome installations, parking bays, air traffic control installations and takeoff and set downing slots. High monetary values: Though adequate figure of low cost bearers already exists in the industry, bulk of the population is still non able to wing to other finishs. Security and safety. Low net income borders and high operating costs.

Manufacturing Industry Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Manufacturing Industry Evaluation - Essay Example As a result, the larger firms keep acquiring other small firms as they continue dominating in the markets, effectively reducing competition in this industry (Lynn, 2002). The Envelope industry is such other industry of the US that has low competition. The larger firms control most of the US markets for this industry. Oligopoly refers to a market condition, where the market has many buyers and very few sellers. In an oligopolistic market, just a few firms, mostly the larger ones, dominate the market (Elmer, 1999). Since there are few sellers in such a market, every firm operating in that market has the chances of knowing the moves and the trends that the other firms are making in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. Consequently, the firms operating in an oligopolistic market conditions are most likely going to make their decisions based on those decisions made by other firms. Thus, in an oligopolistic market, the decision made by one firm affects the other firms and vice versa (Case, Fair, and Oster, 2009). The characteristic oligopoly market involves the firms producing and selling their products at the quantities and prices they feel are suitable to grant them the profit margin they require. Thus, oligopolies set the market prices for their products, other than selling their products at the existing market prices (Elmer, 1999). In the US, the Envelopes and the Fluid Milk industries qualify as oligopolies. The Fluid milk industry in the US is an example of an oligopolistic market condition, where the market in the industry is dominated by few firms. The dairy cooperative of the country called the Dairy Farmers of America have effectively established close alliances with the other players in the industry, notably the Dairy Market services, which has on its side collaborated with the US major milk manufacturers (Lynn, 2002). This

Security of an Organisation and Civil and Criminal Law Essay

Security of an Organisation and Civil and Criminal Law - Essay Example The likelihood of occurrence of the threat posing the risk will determine the need for intervention in the activities within a facility. In other words, Security may be considered assured freedom from poverty or want, precautions taken to ensure against theft, espionage, or a person or thing that secures or guarantees. According to Fischer and Green, (2004, p. 21) "security implies a stable, relatively predictable environment in which an individual or group may pursue its ends without disruption or harm and without fear of such disturbance or injury." These are the primary reasons underlying the widening horizons and increasing scope of the security industry. The security requires manifold diversification of deployment of manpower. Thus, the security industry is a diverse and a specialty industry that has a requirement for both generic and domain-specific skills (Hesse & Smith, 2001; Manunta, 1996) and is a relatively young and emerging discipline, continues to expand (Fischer & Green, 2004). However, this expansion has resulted in limited tertiary education programs and research to determine the knowledge structure of security. Security in a wider sense applied to a polity may be expanded to consider national security and the defense of a nation which is managed and secured through the use of force and control by armed forces. The power to control is exercised through laws to control a state's citizens and aliens. Security necessarily implies policing of a public which includes citizens and aliens with the aid of the armed forces, state police armed with various civil and criminal laws. It is also considered useful in the prevention of crime, risk management or loss prevention. This diversity results in a society that has no clear understanding of what security is, but has the divergence of interests from many stakeholders. A traditional definition of security is the provision of private services in the protection of people, information and assets for individual safety or community wellness (Craighead, 2003). Thus more and more business and commercial establishments are bending towards increased security services in preventing undesirable, unauthorized or detrimental loss of an organizations assets. But security may present very different meaning to different people given time, place and context. It has been suggested that security has to have a shared definition among many disciplines, that this is essential and urgent (Manunta, 1996) This is more so in view of the fact that current international fight against terrorism and related threats has given the security a new meaning and dimension encouraging the scholars to study the subject with diverse perspectives, in national, domestic and international fields. The security to the organization can be studied from two perspectives. Traditionally, the security threat perception of a business organization has been different from the security threat perception of a country.

The Ford Motor Company Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Ford Motor Company - Term Paper Example This has lead to $153 billion in revenues and a market value of $ 73 billion (Hochman 90-7). However, due to the economic crisis, the company has seen its revenues and market value slumber in the recent past (Hochman 90-7). As one of the leading automobile producers, Ford Motor Company competes in the oligopoly market (Hochman 90-7). Its main competitors include Honda, Toyota, Kia, Subaru, and many other companies. The market entry in the automobile industry is free to every interested party; however, due to huge initial capital investment requirements needed only a few firms are players in this industry. When Ford Company started with the Model T, they were enjoying the monopoly power as they were the only producers. But this has changed since many firms have also ventured into the industry (Hochman 90-7). A market-centered company is a company that identifies the needs and the wants of its customers and tailors all its businesses towards those needs and wants (Hochman 90-7). The customers have enough knowledge about the products and the market; and are willing to be persuaded. The company offers mass customization and utilizes the importance of 4 Ps in its marketing. Ford as a company had experienced both the good and bad business experience. From one of the leading automobile companies accounting for 25 percent of all cars and trucks to drop in revenue and market share to $146 and 14 percent respectively (Hochman 90-7). It may have attributed to the financial crisis that had befallen the entire motor industry hence reducing the sales. However, Ford did not explain its drop in market share or magnitude of its losses compared to the rest of the companies in the industries. Ford’s company operations were characterized by excessive costs, it had lost touch with its main customer's needs and finally, his innovation was not up to date (Hochman 90-7). After the arrival of Mulally, the company started to improve their innovativeness, reducing the costs, and axing some of the un-performing brands. Mulally was convinced that competition in all market segments was the way to go and this policy was adopted.